"""
Unit tests for reverse URL lookups.
"""
import pickle
import sys
import threading

from admin_scripts.tests import AdminScriptTestCase

from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, ViewDoesNotExist
from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
from django.urls import (
    NoReverseMatch,
    Resolver404,
    ResolverMatch,
    URLPattern,
    URLResolver,
    get_callable,
    get_resolver,
    get_urlconf,
    include,
    path,
    re_path,
    resolve,
    reverse,
    reverse_lazy,
)
from django.urls.resolvers import RegexPattern

from . import middleware, urlconf_outer, views
from .utils import URLObject
from .views import empty_view

resolve_test_data = (
    # These entries are in the format:
    #   (path, url_name, app_name, namespace, view_name, func, args, kwargs)
    # Simple case
    (
        "/normal/42/37/",
        "normal-view",
        "",
        "",
        "normal-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/view_class/42/37/",
        "view-class",
        "",
        "",
        "view-class",
        views.view_class_instance,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/normal/42/37/",
        "inc-normal-view",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/view_class/42/37/",
        "inc-view-class",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-view-class",
        views.view_class_instance,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    # Unnamed args are dropped if you have *any* kwargs in a pattern
    (
        "/mixed_args/42/37/",
        "mixed-args",
        "",
        "",
        "mixed-args",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"extra": True, "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/mixed_args/42/37/",
        "inc-mixed-args",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/12/mixed_args/42/37/",
        "inc-mixed-args",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg2": "37"},
    ),
    # Unnamed views should have None as the url_name. Regression data for #21157.
    (
        "/unnamed/normal/42/37/",
        None,
        "",
        "",
        "urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/unnamed/view_class/42/37/",
        None,
        "",
        "",
        "urlpatterns_reverse.views.ViewClass",
        views.view_class_instance,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    # If you have no kwargs, you get an args list.
    (
        "/no_kwargs/42/37/",
        "no-kwargs",
        "",
        "",
        "no-kwargs",
        views.empty_view,
        ("42", "37"),
        {},
    ),
    (
        "/included/no_kwargs/42/37/",
        "inc-no-kwargs",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs",
        views.empty_view,
        ("42", "37"),
        {},
    ),
    (
        "/included/12/no_kwargs/42/37/",
        "inc-no-kwargs",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs",
        views.empty_view,
        ("12", "42", "37"),
        {},
    ),
    # Namespaces
    (
        "/test1/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "testapp",
        "test-ns1",
        "test-ns1:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3",
        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/ns-included1/normal/42/37/",
        "inc-normal-view",
        "included_namespace_urls",
        "inc-ns1",
        "inc-ns1:inc-normal-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3",
        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/default/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "testapp",
        "testapp",
        "testapp:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/other2/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "nodefault",
        "other-ns2",
        "other-ns2:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/other1/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "nodefault",
        "other-ns1",
        "other-ns1:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    # Nested namespaces
    (
        "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
        "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3",
        "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/app-included/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "inc-app:test-ns3",
        "inc-app:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    (
        "/app-included/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/",
        "urlobject-view",
        "included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp",
        "inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3",
        "inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
    ),
    # Namespaces capturing variables
    (
        "/inc70/",
        "inner-nothing",
        "included_urls",
        "inc-ns5",
        "inc-ns5:inner-nothing",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"outer": "70"},
    ),
    (
        "/inc78/extra/foobar/",
        "inner-extra",
        "included_urls",
        "inc-ns5",
        "inc-ns5:inner-extra",
        views.empty_view,
        (),
        {"outer": "78", "extra": "foobar"},
    ),
)

test_data = (
    ("places", "/places/3/", [3], {}),
    ("places", "/places/3/", ["3"], {}),
    ("places", NoReverseMatch, ["a"], {}),
    ("places", NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
    ("places?", "/place/", [], {}),
    ("places+", "/places/", [], {}),
    ("places*", "/place/", [], {}),
    ("places2?", "/", [], {}),
    ("places2+", "/places/", [], {}),
    ("places2*", "/", [], {}),
    ("places3", "/places/4/", [4], {}),
    ("places3", "/places/harlem/", ["harlem"], {}),
    ("places3", NoReverseMatch, ["harlem64"], {}),
    ("places4", "/places/3/", [], {"id": 3}),
    ("people", NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
    ("people", "/people/adrian/", ["adrian"], {}),
    ("people", "/people/adrian/", [], {"name": "adrian"}),
    ("people", NoReverseMatch, ["name with spaces"], {}),
    ("people", NoReverseMatch, [], {"name": "name with spaces"}),
    ("people2", "/people/name/", [], {}),
    ("people2a", "/people/name/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
    ("people_backref", "/people/nate-nate/", ["nate"], {}),
    ("people_backref", "/people/nate-nate/", [], {"name": "nate"}),
    ("optional", "/optional/fred/", [], {"name": "fred"}),
    ("optional", "/optional/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/", [1], {}),
    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/", [], {"arg1": 1}),
    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/2/", [1, 2], {}),
    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/2/", [], {"arg1": 1, "arg2": 2}),
    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/", [1], {}),
    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/", [], {"arg1": 1}),
    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/2/", [1, 2], {}),
    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/2/", [], {"arg1": 1, "arg2": 2}),
    ("hardcoded", "/hardcoded/", [], {}),
    ("hardcoded2", "/hardcoded/doc.pdf", [], {}),
    ("people3", "/people/il/adrian/", [], {"state": "il", "name": "adrian"}),
    ("people3", NoReverseMatch, [], {"state": "il"}),
    ("people3", NoReverseMatch, [], {"name": "adrian"}),
    ("people4", NoReverseMatch, [], {"state": "il", "name": "adrian"}),
    ("people6", "/people/il/test/adrian/", ["il/test", "adrian"], {}),
    ("people6", "/people//adrian/", ["adrian"], {}),
    ("range", "/character_set/a/", [], {}),
    ("range2", "/character_set/x/", [], {}),
    ("price", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
    ("price2", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
    ("price3", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
    (
        "product",
        "/product/chocolate+($2.00)/",
        [],
        {"price": "2.00", "product": "chocolate"},
    ),
    ("headlines", "/headlines/2007.5.21/", [], {"year": 2007, "month": 5, "day": 21}),
    (
        "windows",
        r"/windows_path/C:%5CDocuments%20and%20Settings%5Cspam/",
        [],
        {"drive_name": "C", "path": r"Documents and Settings\spam"},
    ),
    ("special", r"/special_chars/~@+%5C$*%7C/", [r"~@+\$*|"], {}),
    ("special", r"/special_chars/some%20resource/", [r"some resource"], {}),
    ("special", r"/special_chars/10%25%20complete/", [r"10% complete"], {}),
    ("special", r"/special_chars/some%20resource/", [], {"chars": r"some resource"}),
    ("special", r"/special_chars/10%25%20complete/", [], {"chars": r"10% complete"}),
    ("special", NoReverseMatch, [""], {}),
    ("mixed", "/john/0/", [], {"name": "john"}),
    ("repeats", "/repeats/a/", [], {}),
    ("repeats2", "/repeats/aa/", [], {}),
    ("repeats3", "/repeats/aa/", [], {}),
    ("test", "/test/1", [], {}),
    ("inner-nothing", "/outer/42/", [], {"outer": "42"}),
    ("inner-nothing", "/outer/42/", ["42"], {}),
    ("inner-nothing", NoReverseMatch, ["foo"], {}),
    ("inner-extra", "/outer/42/extra/inner/", [], {"extra": "inner", "outer": "42"}),
    ("inner-extra", "/outer/42/extra/inner/", ["42", "inner"], {}),
    ("inner-extra", NoReverseMatch, ["fred", "inner"], {}),
    ("inner-no-kwargs", "/outer-no-kwargs/42/inner-no-kwargs/1/", ["42", "1"], {}),
    ("disjunction", NoReverseMatch, ["foo"], {}),
    ("inner-disjunction", NoReverseMatch, ["10", "11"], {}),
    ("extra-places", "/e-places/10/", ["10"], {}),
    ("extra-people", "/e-people/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
    ("extra-people", "/e-people/fred/", [], {"name": "fred"}),
    ("part", "/part/one/", [], {"value": "one"}),
    ("part", "/prefix/xx/part/one/", [], {"value": "one", "prefix": "xx"}),
    ("part2", "/part2/one/", [], {"value": "one"}),
    ("part2", "/part2/", [], {}),
    ("part2", "/prefix/xx/part2/one/", [], {"value": "one", "prefix": "xx"}),
    ("part2", "/prefix/xx/part2/", [], {"prefix": "xx"}),
    # Tests for nested groups. Nested capturing groups will only work if you
    # *only* supply the correct outer group.
    ("nested-noncapture", "/nested/noncapture/opt", [], {"p": "opt"}),
    ("nested-capture", "/nested/capture/opt/", ["opt/"], {}),
    ("nested-capture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"p": "opt"}),
    ("nested-mixedcapture", "/nested/capture/mixed/opt", ["opt"], {}),
    ("nested-mixedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"p": "opt"}),
    ("nested-namedcapture", "/nested/capture/named/opt/", [], {"outer": "opt/"}),
    ("nested-namedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"outer": "opt/", "inner": "opt"}),
    ("nested-namedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"inner": "opt"}),
    ("non_path_include", "/includes/non_path_include/", [], {}),
    # Tests for #13154
    ("defaults", "/defaults_view1/3/", [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 1}),
    ("defaults", "/defaults_view2/3/", [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 2}),
    ("defaults", NoReverseMatch, [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 3}),
    ("defaults", NoReverseMatch, [], {"arg2": 1}),
    # Security tests
    ("security", "/%2Fexample.com/security/", ["/example.com"], {}),
)


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.no_urls")
class NoURLPatternsTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_no_urls_exception(self):
        """
        URLResolver should raise an exception when no urlpatterns exist.
        """
        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), settings.ROOT_URLCONF)

        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            ImproperlyConfigured,
            "The included URLconf 'urlpatterns_reverse.no_urls' does not "
            "appear to have any patterns in it. If you see the 'urlpatterns' "
            "variable with valid patterns in the file then the issue is "
            "probably caused by a circular import.",
        ):
            getattr(resolver, "url_patterns")


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
class URLPatternReverse(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_urlpattern_reverse(self):
        for name, expected, args, kwargs in test_data:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                try:
                    got = reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
                except NoReverseMatch:
                    self.assertEqual(NoReverseMatch, expected)
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(got, expected)

    def test_reverse_none(self):
        # Reversing None should raise an error, not return the last un-named view.
        with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
            reverse(None)

    def test_mixing_args_and_kwargs(self):
        msg = "Don't mix *args and **kwargs in call to reverse()!"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            reverse("name", args=["a"], kwargs={"b": "c"})

    @override_script_prefix("/{{invalid}}/")
    def test_prefix_braces(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            "/%7B%7Binvalid%7D%7D/includes/non_path_include/",
            reverse("non_path_include"),
        )

    def test_prefix_parenthesis(self):
        # Parentheses are allowed and should not cause errors or be escaped
        with override_script_prefix("/bogus)/"):
            self.assertEqual(
                "/bogus)/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
            )
        with override_script_prefix("/(bogus)/"):
            self.assertEqual(
                "/(bogus)/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
            )

    @override_script_prefix("/bump%20map/")
    def test_prefix_format_char(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            "/bump%2520map/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
        )

    @override_script_prefix("/%7Eme/")
    def test_non_urlsafe_prefix_with_args(self):
        # Regression for #20022, adjusted for #24013 because ~ is an unreserved
        # character. Tests whether % is escaped.
        self.assertEqual("/%257Eme/places/1/", reverse("places", args=[1]))

    def test_patterns_reported(self):
        # Regression for #17076
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
            NoReverseMatch, r"1 pattern(s) tried: ['people/(?P<name>\\w+)/$']"
        ):
            # this url exists, but requires an argument
            reverse("people", args=[])

    @override_script_prefix("/script:name/")
    def test_script_name_escaping(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            reverse("optional", args=["foo:bar"]), "/script:name/optional/foo:bar/"
        )

    def test_view_not_found_message(self):
        msg = (
            "Reverse for 'nonexistent-view' not found. 'nonexistent-view' "
            "is not a valid view function or pattern name."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
            reverse("nonexistent-view")

    def test_no_args_message(self):
        msg = "Reverse for 'places' with no arguments not found. 1 pattern(s) tried:"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
            reverse("places")

    def test_illegal_args_message(self):
        msg = (
            "Reverse for 'places' with arguments '(1, 2)' not found. 1 pattern(s) "
            "tried:"
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
            reverse("places", args=(1, 2))

    def test_illegal_kwargs_message(self):
        msg = (
            "Reverse for 'places' with keyword arguments '{'arg1': 2}' not found. 1 "
            "pattern(s) tried:"
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
            reverse("places", kwargs={"arg1": 2})


class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_resolver_repr(self):
        """
        Test repr of URLResolver, especially when urlconf_name is a list
        (#17892).
        """
        # Pick a resolver from a namespaced URLconf
        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
        sub_resolver = resolver.namespace_dict["test-ns1"][1]
        self.assertIn("<URLPattern list>", repr(sub_resolver))

    def test_reverse_lazy_object_coercion_by_resolve(self):
        """
        Verifies lazy object returned by reverse_lazy is coerced to
        text by resolve(). Previous to #21043, this would raise a TypeError.
        """
        urls = "urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls"
        proxy_url = reverse_lazy("named-url1", urlconf=urls)
        resolver = get_resolver(urls)
        resolver.resolve(proxy_url)

    def test_resolver_reverse(self):
        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls")
        test_urls = [
            # (name, args, kwargs, expected)
            ("named-url1", (), {}, ""),
            ("named-url2", ("arg",), {}, "extra/arg/"),
            ("named-url2", (), {"extra": "arg"}, "extra/arg/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(resolver.reverse(name, *args, **kwargs), expected)

    def test_resolver_reverse_conflict(self):
        """
        URL pattern name arguments don't need to be unique. The last registered
        pattern takes precedence for conflicting names.
        """
        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls_conflict")
        test_urls = [
            # (name, args, kwargs, expected)
            # Without arguments, the last URL in urlpatterns has precedence.
            ("name-conflict", (), {}, "conflict/"),
            # With an arg, the last URL in urlpatterns has precedence.
            ("name-conflict", ("arg",), {}, "conflict-last/arg/"),
            # With a kwarg, other URL patterns can be reversed.
            ("name-conflict", (), {"first": "arg"}, "conflict-first/arg/"),
            ("name-conflict", (), {"middle": "arg"}, "conflict-middle/arg/"),
            ("name-conflict", (), {"last": "arg"}, "conflict-last/arg/"),
            # The number and order of the arguments don't interfere with reversing.
            ("name-conflict", ("arg", "arg"), {}, "conflict/arg/arg/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(resolver.reverse(name, *args, **kwargs), expected)

    def test_non_regex(self):
        """
        A Resolver404 is raised if resolving doesn't meet the basic
        requirements of a path to match - i.e., at the very least, it matches
        the root pattern '^/'. Never return None from resolve() to prevent a
        TypeError from occurring later (#10834).
        """
        test_urls = ["", "a", "\\", "."]
        for path_ in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(path=path_):
                with self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
                    resolve(path_)

    def test_404_tried_urls_have_names(self):
        """
        The list of URLs that come back from a Resolver404 exception contains
        a list in the right format for printing out in the DEBUG 404 page with
        both the patterns and URL names, if available.
        """
        urls = "urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls"
        # this list matches the expected URL types and names returned when
        # you try to resolve a nonexistent URL in the first level of included
        # URLs in named_urls.py (e.g., '/included/nonexistent-url')
        url_types_names = [
            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url1"}],
            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url2"}],
            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": None}],
            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url3"}],
            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url4"}],
            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": None}],
            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLResolver}],
        ]
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Resolver404, "tried") as cm:
            resolve("/included/nonexistent-url", urlconf=urls)
        e = cm.exception
        # make sure we at least matched the root ('/') url resolver:
        self.assertIn("tried", e.args[0])
        self.assertEqual(
            len(e.args[0]["tried"]),
            len(url_types_names),
            "Wrong number of tried URLs returned.  Expected %s, got %s."
            % (len(url_types_names), len(e.args[0]["tried"])),
        )
        for tried, expected in zip(e.args[0]["tried"], url_types_names):
            for t, e in zip(tried, expected):
                with self.subTest(t):
                    self.assertIsInstance(
                        t, e["type"]
                    ), "%s is not an instance of %s" % (t, e["type"])
                    if "name" in e:
                        if not e["name"]:
                            self.assertIsNone(
                                t.name, "Expected no URL name but found %s." % t.name
                            )
                        else:
                            self.assertEqual(
                                t.name,
                                e["name"],
                                'Wrong URL name.  Expected "%s", got "%s".'
                                % (e["name"], t.name),
                            )

    def test_namespaced_view_detail(self):
        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls")
        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view1"))
        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view2"))
        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.View3"))
        self.assertFalse(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.blub"))

    def test_view_detail_as_method(self):
        # Views which have a class name as part of their path.
        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls")
        self.assertTrue(
            resolver._is_callback(
                "urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.method_view"
            )
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            resolver._is_callback(
                "urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.classmethod_view"
            )
        )

    def test_populate_concurrency(self):
        """
        URLResolver._populate() can be called concurrently, but not more
        than once per thread (#26888).
        """
        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^/"), "urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
        resolver._local.populating = True
        thread = threading.Thread(target=resolver._populate)
        thread.start()
        thread.join()
        self.assertNotEqual(resolver._reverse_dict, {})


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls")
class ReverseLazyTest(TestCase):
    def test_redirect_with_lazy_reverse(self):
        response = self.client.get("/redirect/")
        self.assertRedirects(response, "/redirected_to/", status_code=302)

    def test_user_permission_with_lazy_reverse(self):
        alfred = User.objects.create_user(
            "alfred", "alfred@example.com", password="testpw"
        )
        response = self.client.get("/login_required_view/")
        self.assertRedirects(
            response, "/login/?next=/login_required_view/", status_code=302
        )
        self.client.force_login(alfred)
        response = self.client.get("/login_required_view/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_inserting_reverse_lazy_into_string(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            "Some URL: %s" % reverse_lazy("some-login-page"), "Some URL: /login/"
        )

    def test_build_absolute_uri(self):
        factory = RequestFactory()
        request = factory.get("/")
        self.assertEqual(
            request.build_absolute_uri(reverse_lazy("some-login-page")),
            "http://testserver/login/",
        )


class ReverseLazySettingsTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
    """
    reverse_lazy can be used in settings without causing a circular
    import error.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.write_settings(
            "settings.py",
            extra=(
                "from django.urls import reverse_lazy\n"
                "LOGIN_URL = reverse_lazy('login')"
            ),
        )

    def test_lazy_in_settings(self):
        out, err = self.run_manage(["check"])
        self.assertNoOutput(err)


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
class ReverseShortcutTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_redirect_to_object(self):
        # We don't really need a model; just something with a get_absolute_url
        class FakeObj:
            def get_absolute_url(self):
                return "/hi-there/"

        res = redirect(FakeObj())
        self.assertIsInstance(res, HttpResponseRedirect)
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hi-there/")

        res = redirect(FakeObj(), permanent=True)
        self.assertIsInstance(res, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect)
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hi-there/")

    def test_redirect_to_view_name(self):
        res = redirect("hardcoded2")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hardcoded/doc.pdf")
        res = redirect("places", 1)
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/places/1/")
        res = redirect("headlines", year="2008", month="02", day="17")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/headlines/2008.02.17/")
        with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
            redirect("not-a-view")

    def test_redirect_to_url(self):
        res = redirect("/foo/")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/foo/")
        res = redirect("http://example.com/")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "http://example.com/")
        # Assert that we can redirect using UTF-8 strings
        res = redirect("/æøå/abc/")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5/abc/")
        # Assert that no imports are attempted when dealing with a relative path
        # (previously, the below would resolve in a UnicodeEncodeError from __import__ )
        res = redirect("/æøå.abc/")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5.abc/")
        res = redirect("os.path")
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "os.path")

    def test_no_illegal_imports(self):
        # modules that are not listed in urlpatterns should not be importable
        redirect("urlpatterns_reverse.nonimported_module.view")
        self.assertNotIn("urlpatterns_reverse.nonimported_module", sys.modules)

    def test_reverse_by_path_nested(self):
        # Views added to urlpatterns using include() should be reversible.
        from .views import nested_view

        self.assertEqual(reverse(nested_view), "/includes/nested_path/")

    def test_redirect_view_object(self):
        from .views import absolute_kwargs_view

        res = redirect(absolute_kwargs_view)
        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/absolute_arg_view/")
        with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
            redirect(absolute_kwargs_view, wrong_argument=None)


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_ambiguous_object(self):
        """
        Names deployed via dynamic URL objects that require namespaces can't
        be resolved.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("urlobject-view", [], {}),
            ("urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}),
            ("urlobject-view", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)

    def test_ambiguous_urlpattern(self):
        """
        Names deployed via dynamic URL objects that require namespaces can't
        be resolved.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("inner-nothing", [], {}),
            ("inner-nothing", [37, 42], {}),
            ("inner-nothing", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)

    def test_non_existent_namespace(self):
        """Nonexistent namespaces raise errors."""
        test_urls = [
            "blahblah:urlobject-view",
            "test-ns1:blahblah:urlobject-view",
        ]
        for name in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name):
                with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
                    reverse(name)

    def test_normal_name(self):
        """Normal lookups work as expected."""
        test_urls = [
            ("normal-view", [], {}, "/normal/"),
            ("normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/normal/37/42/"),
            ("normal-view", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}, "/normal/42/37/"),
            ("special-view", [], {}, "/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_simple_included_name(self):
        """Normal lookups work on names included from other patterns."""
        test_urls = [
            ("included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/included/normal/"),
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "/included/normal/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/included/normal/42/37/",
            ),
            ("included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/included/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_namespace_object(self):
        """Dynamic URL objects can be found using a namespace."""
        test_urls = [
            ("test-ns1:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/test1/inner/"),
            ("test-ns1:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/test1/inner/37/42/"),
            (
                "test-ns1:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/test1/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            ("test-ns1:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/test1/inner/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_app_object(self):
        """
        Dynamic URL objects can return a (pattern, app_name) 2-tuple, and
        include() can set the namespace.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("new-ns1:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/newapp1/inner/"),
            ("new-ns1:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/newapp1/inner/37/42/"),
            (
                "new-ns1:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/newapp1/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            ("new-ns1:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/newapp1/inner/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_app_object_default_namespace(self):
        """
        Namespace defaults to app_name when including a (pattern, app_name)
        2-tuple.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("newapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/new-default/inner/"),
            ("newapp:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/new-default/inner/37/42/"),
            (
                "newapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/new-default/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            ("newapp:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/new-default/inner/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_embedded_namespace_object(self):
        """Namespaces can be installed anywhere in the URL pattern tree."""
        test_urls = [
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/included/test3/inner/",
            ),
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "/included/test3/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/included/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_namespace_pattern(self):
        """Namespaces can be applied to include()'d urlpatterns."""
        test_urls = [
            ("inc-ns1:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/normal/"),
            ("inc-ns1:inc-normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/ns-included1/normal/37/42/"),
            (
                "inc-ns1:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/ns-included1/normal/42/37/",
            ),
            ("inc-ns1:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_app_name_pattern(self):
        """
        Namespaces can be applied to include()'d urlpatterns that set an
        app_name attribute.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("app-ns1:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/app-included1/normal/"),
            ("app-ns1:inc-normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/app-included1/normal/37/42/"),
            (
                "app-ns1:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/app-included1/normal/42/37/",
            ),
            ("app-ns1:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/app-included1/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_namespace_pattern_with_variable_prefix(self):
        """
        Using include() with namespaces when there is a regex variable in front
        of it.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [], {"outer": 42}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/"),
            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [42], {}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/"),
            (
                "inc-outer:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 37, "arg2": 4, "outer": 42},
                "/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/",
            ),
            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [42, 37, 4], {}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/"),
            ("inc-outer:inc-special-view", [], {"outer": 42}, "/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/"),
            ("inc-outer:inc-special-view", [42], {}, "/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_multiple_namespace_pattern(self):
        """Namespaces can be embedded."""
        test_urls = [
            ("inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/test3/inner/"),
            (
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_nested_namespace_pattern(self):
        """Namespaces can be nested."""
        test_urls = [
            (
                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_app_lookup_object(self):
        """A default application namespace can be used for lookup."""
        test_urls = [
            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/default/inner/"),
            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/default/inner/37/42/"),
            (
                "testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/default/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            ("testapp:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/default/inner/+%5C$*/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_app_lookup_object_with_default(self):
        """A default application namespace is sensitive to the current app."""
        test_urls = [
            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "test-ns3", "/default/inner/"),
            (
                "testapp:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "test-ns3",
                "/default/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "test-ns3",
                "/default/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "testapp:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "test-ns3",
                "/default/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(
                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
            ):
                self.assertEqual(
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
                    expected,
                )

    def test_app_lookup_object_without_default(self):
        """
        An application namespace without a default is sensitive to the current
        app.
        """
        test_urls = [
            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [], {}, None, "/other2/inner/"),
            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, None, "/other2/inner/37/42/"),
            (
                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                None,
                "/other2/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            ("nodefault:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, None, "/other2/inner/+%5C$*/"),
            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [], {}, "other-ns1", "/other1/inner/"),
            (
                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "other-ns1",
                "/other1/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "other-ns1",
                "/other1/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "nodefault:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "other-ns1",
                "/other1/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(
                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
            ):
                self.assertEqual(
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
                    expected,
                )

    def test_special_chars_namespace(self):
        test_urls = [
            (
                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/",
            ),
            (
                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "/+%5C$*/included/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_namespaces_with_variables(self):
        """Namespace prefixes can capture variables."""
        test_urls = [
            ("inc-ns5:inner-nothing", [], {"outer": "70"}, "/inc70/"),
            (
                "inc-ns5:inner-extra",
                [],
                {"extra": "foobar", "outer": "78"},
                "/inc78/extra/foobar/",
            ),
            ("inc-ns5:inner-nothing", ["70"], {}, "/inc70/"),
            ("inc-ns5:inner-extra", ["78", "foobar"], {}, "/inc78/extra/foobar/"),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_nested_app_lookup(self):
        """
        A nested current_app should be split in individual namespaces (#24904).
        """
        test_urls = [
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {},
                None,
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                None,
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                None,
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                None,
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {},
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(
                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
            ):
                self.assertEqual(
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
                    expected,
                )

    def test_current_app_no_partial_match(self):
        """current_app shouldn't be used unless it matches the whole path."""
        test_urls = [
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {},
                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [37, 42],
                {},
                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
                [],
                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/",
            ),
            (
                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
                [],
                {},
                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/",
            ),
        ]
        for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(
                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
            ):
                self.assertEqual(
                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
                    expected,
                )


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=urlconf_outer.__name__)
class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_urlconf(self):
        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(
            response.content, b"outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/"
        )
        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_urlconf_overridden(self):
        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"outer:,inner:/second_test/")

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.NullChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_urlconf_overridden_with_null(self):
        """
        Overriding request.urlconf with None will fall back to the default
        URLconf.
        """
        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(
            response.content, b"outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/"
        )
        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
            "%s.ReverseInnerInResponseMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_reverse_inner_in_response_middleware(self):
        """
        Test reversing an URL from the *overridden* URLconf from inside
        a response middleware.
        """
        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"/second_test/")

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
            "%s.ReverseOuterInResponseMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_reverse_outer_in_response_middleware(self):
        """
        Test reversing an URL from the *default* URLconf from inside
        a response middleware.
        """
        msg = (
            "Reverse for 'outer' not found. 'outer' is not a valid view "
            "function or pattern name."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
            self.client.get("/second_test/")

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
            "%s.ReverseInnerInStreaming" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_reverse_inner_in_streaming(self):
        """
        Test reversing an URL from the *overridden* URLconf from inside
        a streaming response.
        """
        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(b"".join(response), b"/second_test/")

    @override_settings(
        MIDDLEWARE=[
            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
            "%s.ReverseOuterInStreaming" % middleware.__name__,
        ]
    )
    def test_reverse_outer_in_streaming(self):
        """
        Test reversing an URL from the *default* URLconf from inside
        a streaming response.
        """
        message = "Reverse for 'outer' not found."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, message):
            self.client.get("/second_test/")
            b"".join(self.client.get("/second_test/"))

    def test_urlconf_is_reset_after_request(self):
        """The URLconf is reset after each request."""
        self.assertIsNone(get_urlconf())
        with override_settings(
            MIDDLEWARE=["%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__]
        ):
            self.client.get(reverse("inner"))
        self.assertIsNone(get_urlconf())


class ErrorHandlerResolutionTests(SimpleTestCase):
    """Tests for handler400, handler404 and handler500"""

    def setUp(self):
        urlconf = "urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers"
        urlconf_callables = "urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers_callables"
        self.resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), urlconf)
        self.callable_resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), urlconf_callables)

    def test_named_handlers(self):
        for code in [400, 404, 500]:
            with self.subTest(code=code):
                self.assertEqual(self.resolver.resolve_error_handler(code), empty_view)

    def test_callable_handlers(self):
        for code in [400, 404, 500]:
            with self.subTest(code=code):
                self.assertEqual(
                    self.callable_resolver.resolve_error_handler(code), empty_view
                )


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls_without_handlers")
class DefaultErrorHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_default_handler(self):
        "If the urls.py doesn't specify handlers, the defaults are used"
        response = self.client.get("/test/")
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

        msg = "I don't think I'm getting good value for this view"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
            self.client.get("/bad_view/")


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=None)
class NoRootUrlConfTests(SimpleTestCase):
    """Tests for handler404 and handler500 if ROOT_URLCONF is None"""

    def test_no_handler_exception(self):
        msg = (
            "The included URLconf 'None' does not appear to have any patterns "
            "in it. If you see the 'urlpatterns' variable with valid patterns "
            "in the file then the issue is probably caused by a circular "
            "import."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            self.client.get("/test/me/")


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
class ResolverMatchTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_urlpattern_resolve(self):
        for (
            path_,
            url_name,
            app_name,
            namespace,
            view_name,
            func,
            args,
            kwargs,
        ) in resolve_test_data:
            with self.subTest(path=path_):
                # Legacy support for extracting "function, args, kwargs".
                match_func, match_args, match_kwargs = resolve(path_)
                self.assertEqual(match_func, func)
                self.assertEqual(match_args, args)
                self.assertEqual(match_kwargs, kwargs)
                # ResolverMatch capabilities.
                match = resolve(path_)
                self.assertEqual(match.__class__, ResolverMatch)
                self.assertEqual(match.url_name, url_name)
                self.assertEqual(match.app_name, app_name)
                self.assertEqual(match.namespace, namespace)
                self.assertEqual(match.view_name, view_name)
                self.assertEqual(match.func, func)
                self.assertEqual(match.args, args)
                self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, kwargs)
                # and for legacy purposes:
                self.assertEqual(match[0], func)
                self.assertEqual(match[1], args)
                self.assertEqual(match[2], kwargs)

    def test_resolver_match_on_request(self):
        response = self.client.get("/resolver_match/")
        resolver_match = response.resolver_match
        self.assertEqual(resolver_match.url_name, "test-resolver-match")

    def test_resolver_match_on_request_before_resolution(self):
        request = HttpRequest()
        self.assertIsNone(request.resolver_match)

    def test_repr(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(resolve("/no_kwargs/42/37/")),
            "ResolverMatch(func=urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view, "
            "args=('42', '37'), kwargs={}, url_name='no-kwargs', app_names=[], "
            "namespaces=[], route='^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$')",
        )

    def test_repr_extra_kwargs(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(resolve("/mixed_args/1986/11/")),
            "ResolverMatch(func=urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view, args=(), "
            "kwargs={'arg2': '11', 'extra': True}, url_name='mixed-args', "
            "app_names=[], namespaces=[], "
            "route='^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', "
            "captured_kwargs={'arg2': '11'}, extra_kwargs={'extra': True})",
        )

    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls")
    def test_classbased_repr(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(resolve("/redirect/")),
            "ResolverMatch(func=urlpatterns_reverse.views.LazyRedirectView, "
            "args=(), kwargs={}, url_name=None, app_names=[], "
            "namespaces=[], route='redirect/')",
        )

    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
    def test_repr_functools_partial(self):
        tests = [
            ("partial", "template.html"),
            ("partial_nested", "nested_partial.html"),
            ("partial_wrapped", "template.html"),
        ]
        for name, template_name in tests:
            with self.subTest(name=name):
                func = (
                    f"functools.partial({views.empty_view!r}, "
                    f"template_name='{template_name}')"
                )
                self.assertEqual(
                    repr(resolve(f"/{name}/")),
                    f"ResolverMatch(func={func}, args=(), kwargs={{}}, "
                    f"url_name='{name}', app_names=[], namespaces=[], "
                    f"route='{name}/')",
                )

    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_urls")
    def test_pickling(self):
        msg = "Cannot pickle ResolverMatch."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(pickle.PicklingError, msg):
            pickle.dumps(resolve("/users/"))


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.erroneous_urls")
class ErroneousViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_noncallable_view(self):
        # View is not a callable (explicit import; arbitrary Python object)
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "view must be a callable"):
            path("uncallable-object/", views.uncallable)

    def test_invalid_regex(self):
        # Regex contains an error (refs #6170)
        msg = '(regex_error/$" is not a valid regular expression'
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            reverse(views.empty_view)


class ViewLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_view_loading(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view"), empty_view
        )
        self.assertEqual(get_callable(empty_view), empty_view)

    def test_view_does_not_exist(self):
        msg = "View does not exist in module urlpatterns_reverse.views."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views.i_should_not_exist")

    def test_attributeerror_not_hidden(self):
        msg = "I am here to confuse django.urls.get_callable"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views_broken.i_am_broken")

    def test_non_string_value(self):
        msg = "'1' is not a callable or a dot-notation path"
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
            get_callable(1)

    def test_string_without_dot(self):
        msg = "Could not import 'test'. The path must be fully qualified."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, msg):
            get_callable("test")

    def test_module_does_not_exist(self):
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'foo'"):
            get_callable("foo.bar")

    def test_parent_module_does_not_exist(self):
        msg = "Parent module urlpatterns_reverse.foo does not exist."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.foo.bar")

    def test_not_callable(self):
        msg = (
            "Could not import 'urlpatterns_reverse.tests.resolve_test_data'. "
            "View is not callable."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.tests.resolve_test_data")


class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
    url_patterns = [
        path("inner/", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-view"),
        re_path(
            r"^inner/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
            views.empty_view,
            name="urlobject-view",
        ),
        re_path(r"^inner/\+\\\$\*/$", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-special-view"),
    ]
    app_urls = URLObject("inc-app")

    def test_include_urls(self):
        self.assertEqual(include(self.url_patterns), (self.url_patterns, None, None))

    def test_include_namespace(self):
        msg = (
            "Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an "
            "app_name is not supported."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            include(self.url_patterns, "namespace")

    def test_include_4_tuple(self):
        msg = "Passing a 4-tuple to include() is not supported."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace", "blah"))

    def test_include_3_tuple(self):
        msg = "Passing a 3-tuple to include() is not supported."
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"))

    def test_include_3_tuple_namespace(self):
        msg = (
            "Cannot override the namespace for a dynamic module that provides a "
            "namespace."
        )
        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"), "namespace")

    def test_include_2_tuple(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name")),
            (self.url_patterns, "app_name", "app_name"),
        )

    def test_include_2_tuple_namespace(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name"), namespace="namespace"),
            (self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"),
        )

    def test_include_app_name(self):
        self.assertEqual(include(self.app_urls), (self.app_urls, "inc-app", "inc-app"))

    def test_include_app_name_namespace(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            include(self.app_urls, "namespace"), (self.app_urls, "inc-app", "namespace")
        )


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
class LookaheadTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_valid_resolve(self):
        test_urls = [
            "/lookahead-/a-city/",
            "/lookbehind-/a-city/",
            "/lookahead+/a-city/",
            "/lookbehind+/a-city/",
        ]
        for test_url in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(url=test_url):
                self.assertEqual(resolve(test_url).kwargs, {"city": "a-city"})

    def test_invalid_resolve(self):
        test_urls = [
            "/lookahead-/not-a-city/",
            "/lookbehind-/not-a-city/",
            "/lookahead+/other-city/",
            "/lookbehind+/other-city/",
        ]
        for test_url in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(url=test_url):
                with self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
                    resolve(test_url)

    def test_valid_reverse(self):
        test_urls = [
            ("lookahead-positive", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookahead+/a-city/"),
            ("lookahead-negative", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookahead-/a-city/"),
            ("lookbehind-positive", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookbehind+/a-city/"),
            ("lookbehind-negative", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookbehind-/a-city/"),
        ]
        for name, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, kwargs=kwargs):
                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, kwargs=kwargs), expected)

    def test_invalid_reverse(self):
        test_urls = [
            ("lookahead-positive", {"city": "other-city"}),
            ("lookahead-negative", {"city": "not-a-city"}),
            ("lookbehind-positive", {"city": "other-city"}),
            ("lookbehind-negative", {"city": "not-a-city"}),
        ]
        for name, kwargs in test_urls:
            with self.subTest(name=name, kwargs=kwargs):
                with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
                    reverse(name, kwargs=kwargs)


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
class ReverseResolvedTests(SimpleTestCase):
    def test_rereverse(self):
        match = resolve("/resolved/12/")
        self.assertEqual(
            reverse(match.url_name, args=match.args, kwargs=match.kwargs),
            "/resolved/12/",
        )
        match = resolve("/resolved-overridden/12/url/")
        self.assertEqual(
            reverse(match.url_name, args=match.args, kwargs=match.captured_kwargs),
            "/resolved-overridden/12/url/",
        )
